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red grouper
The Red Grouper (''Epinephelus morio'') is a species of fish in the Family Epinephelidae that is found along the continental shelves of the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic seaboard of the southeastern United States, and the Caribbean Sea south to Brazil〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://benthamopen.com/tofishsj/articles/V003/1TOFISHSJ.pdf )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/17 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLspec/Epinep_morio.htm )〕 – (including Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela, the British Virgin Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). This demersal, largely sedentary species has an extended (~40 day) pelagic larval stage before it settles in shallow coastal hardbottom habitat as juveniles. They remain in inshore waters for 4–5 years before migrating to offshore hardbottom habitat—particularly on the edge of the continental self—as adults. Spawning occurs offshore between January and June, peaking in May.
While primarily eating benthic invertebrates, the Red Grouper is an opportunistic feeder in the reef community. The diet commonly includes xanthid and portunid crabs, juvenile spiny lobster, and snapping shrimp, with the occasional fish. The Red grouper is of moderate size, about 125 cm and weighs 23 kg or more. Body coloration is typically reddish-brown color often with many white spots. When aggravated (they are highly territorial) or involved in spawning activities, these fish can very rapidly change coloration patterns, with the head or other parts of the body turning completely white, and the white spots appearing more intense.
==Life history characteristics ==
Red grouper, like a number of other grouper species, are long-lived, slow to mature, protogynous hermaphrodites, beginning life as females, with some later transforming into males. Females transform into males between the ages of 7 and 12.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00005035#page-1 )〕 These characteristics make them highly vulnerable to overfishing.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1577/1548-8446%282000%29025%3C0014%3ALRF%3E2.0.CO%3B2 )〕 Refer to the sidebar on the right to see its current conservation status on the IUCN Red List.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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